antipyretics

What are antipyretics?

Antipyretics are medications that work to regulate body temperature.
They are used to lower elevated body temperature during a fever.
By reducing fever, they alleviate uncomfortable symptoms associated with it.

Fever is one of the body’s defense mechanisms to fight illness.
However, a very high fever can strain the body.
Caution is particularly needed in children and the elderly.
Antipyretics are a symptomatic treatment to relieve discomfort.

Symptoms for which antipyretics are used

Antipyretics are mainly used for fever.
This includes fever caused by infections like colds or influenza.
They are also used when fever is present due to inflammatory diseases.

In addition to fever, symptoms often include headaches, joint pain, and muscle pain.
Antipyretics may also contain ingredients that relieve pain.
Many medications have both antipyretic and analgesic effects.

Types and Classification of Antipyretics

There are several types of antipyretics.
They are classified by their active ingredients.
Each ingredient has different characteristics, indications, and precautions.
It is important to choose one that suits your symptoms and physical condition.

List of Main Antipyretic Ingredients

Here are some representative antipyretic ingredients.
Acetaminophen is well-known.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are also common.

Examples include ibuprofen, loxoprofen, and aspirin.
These have antipyretic effects as well as analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
The strength and duration of action vary depending on the ingredient.

How Antipyretics are Classified

Antipyretics are mainly classified by their ingredients.
Acetaminophen-based and NSAID-based are major classifications.
NSAIDs are further divided into categories such as propionic acid derivatives and salicylic acid derivatives.

The mechanism of action and types of side effects also serve as classification criteria.
Some act on the central nervous system, while others act on peripheral nerves or substances involved in inflammation.
Doctors and pharmacists consider these factors when selecting medication.

What Kind of Medicines are Antipyretics?

It can be difficult to tell if a medicine is an antipyretic just by its name.
Checking the active ingredient is important.
For over-the-counter medications, the ingredient name is listed on the package.
Prescription medications are prescribed by a doctor.

They are called by product names such as “〇〇 Tablets” or “△△ Granules”.
Even with the same product name, the ingredient amount may differ.
Always check the ingredient name and amount.
Knowing the names of ingredients commonly used as antipyretics can be helpful.

Representative Antipyretics

We will introduce some representative ingredients widely used as antipyretics.
We will explain their characteristics and indications.
To use them appropriately, it is desirable to know the differences between ingredients.

Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen is an antipyretic and analgesic with relatively high safety.
It is often used for children, the elderly, and those with sensitive stomachs.
It lowers fever by acting on the thermoregulatory center in the brain.

It has analgesic effects but almost no anti-inflammatory effects.
It is characterized by relatively few side effects.
However, overdose can strain the liver.
Adhering strictly to the prescribed dosage and administration is extremely important.

Is Tylenol an antipyretic?

Yes, Tylenol is an antipyretic.
Tylenol is a brand name for an over-the-counter medication whose main ingredient is acetaminophen.
Acetaminophen is an ingredient that has antipyretic and analgesic effects.

Therefore, Tylenol is used to relieve fever and pain.
It is widely used throughout the world.
It possesses the characteristics of acetaminophen.

NSAIDs and Antipyretics

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs) are medications that have three effects: antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory.
They exert their effects by inhibiting the production of substances called prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins are involved in pain, inflammation, and fever.

There are many types of NSAIDs.
Each differs in the strength of its action and the likelihood of causing side effects.
Some require a doctor’s prescription, while others are available over the counter.

Are antipyretics NSAIDs?

Some antipyretics are classified as NSAIDs.
However, not all antipyretics are NSAIDs.
Antipyretics is a general term for medications that have the effect of lowering fever.

NSAIDs have fever reduction as one of their effects.
Acetaminophen has antipyretic effects but is not included in NSAIDs.
This is because acetaminophen has almost no anti-inflammatory effect.

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is one type of NSAID.
It has antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
It is often used for fever due to colds, headaches, and menstrual pain.
Its anti-inflammatory effect is considered stronger than acetaminophen.

It generally has fewer side effects, but it can cause gastrointestinal problems.
Care should be taken, such as avoiding taking it on an empty stomach.
Children’s formulations are also available, but there are age restrictions.

Aspirin

Aspirin is also an old NSAID.
It has antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
However, its use for fever in children with influenza or chickenpox is not recommended.
This is due to the risk of a serious side effect called Reye’s syndrome.

It is widely used in adults.
Since it also has platelet aggregation inhibitory effects, low doses are sometimes used for thrombosis prevention.
It tends to cause gastrointestinal side effects.

Naproxen

Naproxen is also classified as an NSAID.
It has antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
It is characterized by a long duration of action.
This may allow for fewer doses per day.

It is often used for chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and rheumatism.
Side effects include gastrointestinal problems and effects on kidney function.
As with other NSAIDs, caution is necessary.

Mechanism of Antipyretic Action

We will explain how antipyretics lower body temperature.
The mechanism involves acting on the body’s thermoregulatory center.
A substance called prostaglandin plays a crucial role.

Mechanism of Lowering Body Temperature

Fever is caused by an increase in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the body due to stimuli such as pathogens.
PGE2 acts on the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus in the brain.
It raises the temperature set point.

Antipyretics (especially NSAIDs) inhibit the action of enzymes (cyclooxygenase: COX) that suppress the production of this PGE2.
As PGE2 decreases, the thermoregulatory center’s set point returns to its original normal value.
As a result, the body begins to release heat, and body temperature drops.
Acetaminophen is also thought to act in a similar way, but a different mechanism than NSAIDs has also been suggested.

Side Effects and Safety

Every medication has a risk of side effects.
Antipyretics are no exception.
Knowing the main side effects is important for safe use.
If symptoms appear, consult a doctor or pharmacist.

Potential Side Effects

Side effects of antipyretics vary depending on the ingredient.
Common side effects of NSAIDs include gastrointestinal issues such as stomach pain and nausea.
Long-term or high-dose use increases the risk of stomach ulcers and bleeding.

They can also affect kidney and liver function.
Allergic reactions (rash, itching, asthma attack, etc.) can also occur.
Particular caution is needed for those with a history of aspirin-induced asthma.

Acetaminophen causes fewer gastrointestinal problems compared to NSAIDs.
However, as mentioned earlier, there is a risk of liver damage from overdose.
Although rare, it can also cause severe skin reactions.

Regardless of which antipyretic is used, it is important to read the package insert carefully and follow the prescribed dosage and administration.
Caution is also needed regarding interactions with other medications.

How to Choose an Antipyretic

There are various types of antipyretics.
You may wonder which one to choose.
You need to consider symptoms, age, pre-existing conditions, etc.
Consulting a doctor or pharmacist is the safest approach.

What is the Optimal Antipyretic?

There is no single “optimal” antipyretic.
It varies depending on the individual situation.
Not only the height of the fever but also the presence and severity of pain are considered.
Pre-existing conditions (stomach ulcer, kidney disease, asthma, heart disease, etc.) and medications you are currently taking are also important.

Special consideration is needed for children, the elderly, pregnant women, etc.
For example, acetaminophen is often recommended for children.
For those with sensitive stomachs, acetaminophen or NSAIDs that are less burdensome on the stomach may be chosen.

Points to Consider When Choosing

When choosing an antipyretic, consider the following points:
• Symptoms: Height of fever, type and severity of pain, presence of inflammation
• Age: The ingredients and dosages that can be used differ for children and the elderly
• Pre-existing conditions: Stomach and intestinal diseases, kidney disease, heart disease, liver disease, asthma, high blood pressure, etc.
• Concomitant medications: Interactions with medications you are currently taking
• History of allergies: Whether you have previously had an allergic reaction to medication
• Pregnancy/Breastfeeding: The medications that can be used are limited during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Even when choosing over-the-counter medications, read the package insert carefully and consult a pharmacist if you have any questions.
It is wise to seek advice from a professional, especially if you have multiple symptoms or are unsure which medication to choose.

Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects

Many antipyretics also have analgesic effects.
This is because pain and fever occur through similar mechanisms (such as the involvement of prostaglandins).
However, there are differences in the strength of action and mechanism.

Comparison with Analgesic Effects

Acetaminophen has a mild antipyretic effect and a relatively mild analgesic effect.
It tends to be less effective for pain associated with inflammation.
However, it is said to be effective for pain in the brain and central nervous system.

NSAIDs have strong analgesic effects in addition to antipyretic effects by suppressing inflammation.
NSAIDs are more effective for pain associated with inflammation, such as arthritis or injuries.
However, the risk of side effects such as gastrointestinal problems is also higher.

The appropriate medication changes depending on which effect is more strongly desired.
If only fever is present, a medication primarily for antipyresis may be sufficient.
If pain is also severe, a medication with both antipyretic and analgesic effects is chosen.

Frequently Asked Questions

We will answer frequently asked questions about antipyretics.
Let’s clear up any doubts for safe and effective use.
It is important not to self-diagnose and to consult a professional if you have any concerns or questions.

Is it okay to use antipyretics for children?

Antipyretics are sometimes used for fever in children.
However, the ingredients and amounts that can be used differ from those for adults.
Aspirin, in particular, is not recommended for children.
Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are commonly used as antipyretics for children.

It is extremely important to strictly adhere to the appropriate dosage based on age and weight.
If you are unsure about sudden fever in a child, consult a pediatrician.
You should understand that antipyretics only lower fever and do not cure the underlying disease itself.

Are there antipyretics that can be used during pregnancy?

The use of antipyretics during pregnancy requires caution.
The medications that can be used are limited.
Generally, acetaminophen is considered relatively safe during pregnancy.
However, there are medications to avoid depending on the stage of pregnancy.

Using NSAIDs in late pregnancy carries a risk of affecting the fetus.
Always consult a doctor or pharmacist and use the prescribed medication exactly as directed.
Self-medication with over-the-counter drugs should be avoided.

Can antipyretics be taken on an empty stomach?

NSAID-based antipyretics can put a greater burden on the stomach when taken on an empty stomach.
They are more likely to cause side effects such as stomach pain and nausea, so it is advisable to take them after a meal.
It is good to eat something light before taking them to protect the stomach lining.

On the other hand, acetaminophen is less burdensome on the stomach and can be taken on an empty stomach.
However, it may affect the absorption rate.
The timing of administration varies depending on the type of medication, so please check the package insert or consult a professional.

What is the optimal timing for taking antipyretics?

The timing for taking antipyretics varies depending on the symptoms and type of medication.
Generally, they are taken when the fever is uncomfortable.
This is considered when the fever is high and causing fatigue, such as 38.5℃ or higher.

If the fever is not very high or there are no other symptoms, you may not need to use an antipyretic.
It takes some time for the medication to take effect.
If pain is present, it may be more effective to take it before the pain becomes severe.
It is important to take doses at the instructed intervals.

Differences between over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription antipyretics

There are several differences between over-the-counter and prescription antipyretics.
• Types and Amount of Ingredients: Prescription medications may contain a wider variety or higher doses of ingredients.
OTC medications are generally limited to ingredients considered safe and at lower doses.
• Efficacy and Indications: Prescription medications are chosen by a doctor based on symptoms and physical condition.
Medications that are stronger or suitable for specific diseases are prescribed.
OTC medications can address a wide range of symptoms but may have a milder effect.
• Method of Obtaining: OTC medications can be purchased at pharmacies and drugstores.
Prescription medications cannot be obtained without a doctor’s examination and prescription.
• Price: OTC medications are fully self-paid.
Prescription medications are covered by health insurance.

Regardless of which medication is used, it is important to follow the dosage and administration instructions.
If symptoms are severe or prolonged, see a healthcare professional.

Summary

Antipyretics are used to relieve uncomfortable symptoms caused by fever.
There are various types, including acetaminophen and NSAIDs.
Characteristics, mechanisms of action, and side effects differ depending on the ingredient.

To use antipyretics appropriately, it is important to understand the differences between ingredients, considering your symptoms, physical condition, and pre-existing conditions.
When using over-the-counter medications, always check the package insert and follow the dosage and administration instructions.

Especially children, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with pre-existing conditions should consult a doctor or pharmacist and avoid self-diagnosis.
Fever is an important sign from the body.
Antipyretics are merely symptomatic treatment and do not treat the underlying cause.
If symptoms do not improve or worsen, seek medical attention promptly.

Disclaimer: The information in this article is intended to provide general knowledge and is not medical advice or treatment.
For specific medical conditions, always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
We assume no responsibility for the consequences of any actions taken based on the information in this article.